Comparison and Analysis Across Theories - 1145 Words

Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model are considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a conceptual model, which identifies the†¦show more content†¦However, Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory is more recommended for the acute-care setting, where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness. Orem focuses on finding the self-care deficit of the patient and providing the necessary care to promote his or her well-being. Whereas, Roy is concerned with the different stimuli that forces adaptation in order to achieve optimal health. Roy’s Adaptation Model views the person as an adaptive system which includes the four adaptive modes. These adaptive modes are: physiological-physical mode, self-concept-group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode. Although first two modes can be identified immediately, the assessment of role function mode and interdependence mode is time consuming. Therefore, Roy’s Adaptation Model is not suitable for acute-care setting. Conclusion Having defined nursing theories promotes better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses. In addition to guiding the nurses to provide the best care to the patients, nursing theories are used to promote and guide baccalaureate programs, administration and nursing research. Many organizations now exist to support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of Nursing, is created to â€Å"support the learning, knowledge and professionalShow MoreRelatedComparison and Analysis Across Theories1142 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role ofRead MoreComparison and Analysis Across Theories1142 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explainingRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1775 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Ryan Velasco University of Phoenix NUR/513 March 13, 2012 Noura Kassis Ed.D., R.N. Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing as a profession has evolved through the contributions of practicing nurse theorists who have worked rigorously toward improving the way nurses approach the art and science of nursing. Through theory development, nursing models, and their conceptual frameworks, they have provided a foundationRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1051 Words   |  5 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nur 513 May 19, 2014 Theory is the core of nursing and nursing process. It describes, explains and predicts the uniqueness of a phenomenon. Theory is analysis and examine to determine the viability in the world of professional nursing. Concepts is the framework and foundation of the theory which consist of concrete and abstracts. The purpose of this paper is to select a core concept that is common to two nursing theories. Compare and AnalysisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1882 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Julie McKay NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations of Practice December 06, 2014 Stephanie Vaughn Ph.D. R.N. CCRN A concept is a term that theoretically describes and names a fact or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning. Nurses use theories to clarify the events through nursing practice. A concept analysis provides insight to nursing knowledge and understanding of the concepts allows nurses to determine nursing actionsRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories1773 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories â€Å"Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge applied to support nursing practice. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing, at a more concrete and specific level. A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designingRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper1713 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Paper NUR 513 August 6, 2012 Comparison and Analysis Theories Paper The heart of nursing has always been caring. Since the start of professional nursing with Florence Nightingale, theorists have been writing about caring. This paper highlights three caring theories Madeleine Leininger, Jean Watson, and the combine theory of Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel these theorists each has developed a theory of caring. ThisRead MoreConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesConcept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories NUR/513 October, 22, 2012 Delores Diehl Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Nursing is a science that has many theories to support the beliefs and clinical practice of the profession. One core concept prevalent in many nursing theories is caring. Theorist Jean Watson and Madeleine Leininger are both nursing theorists who developed theories around caring and nursing. The subject of discussion in this paper is the comparison and analysisRead MoreThe Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms907 Words   |  4 PagesGAB. In comparison to other large emerging markets and developed economies Nigerian firms are still in an early stage of development as most sectors of the economy are in their infancy stage. The firms’ expansion behaviours both domestically and internationally would to some extent have an impact on or alter the mainstream internationalisation process theories. Three research questions were developed to address the objectives of this study (1) Do existing internationalisation theories explainRead MoreVerizon Wirelesss Benefits Package 1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthat there was a critical need for a current benefits package comparison. The investigative steps necessary for this analysis for this Capstone Project were found in Section III, and this subsequent chapter, Section IV, submits those findings. Comparative Analysis Process The fundamental aim within this Capstone Project’s was to detail how Verizon Wirelesss benefits package compares in the industry, by process of comparative analysis and implementation of a specific design strategy including the

World War 1 and Peace Plan Free Essays

———————– President Woodrow Wilson had a plan for peace in the war known as the Fourteen Points. It was also called â€Å"Peace Without Victory. † The plan meant to prevent international problems from causing another war. We will write a custom essay sample on World War 1 and Peace Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now To promote his plan for peace, Wilson visited Paris, London, Milan, and Rome in Europe. However, the Allies were against Wilson’s Fourteen Points. The Allies wanted to punish Germany for the war. One idea of Wilson’s peace plan was an end to secret treaties. One issue that caused World War I that was addressed in that idea was entangling alliances between the countries. Another idea was a limit on weapons. The issue that lead to World War I that was addressed in that idea was militarism. The most important of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was a League Of Nations, to protect the independence of all countries. The issue that caused World War I that was addressed in that was also the entangling alliances. The final treaty that was agreed on was the Treaty Of Versailles. Germany thought they were getting Wilson’s peace plan but instead, they got this. The Treaty of Versailles consisted of many ways of punishing Germany. The war guilt clause was a part of the treaty. The war guilt clause stated that Germany had to accept the blame of causing the war. Another part noted that Germany had to give up it’s colonies. It also consisted of the fact that Germany had to pay all war costs. This means they had to pay their war cost, as well as the Allies‘ war costs, which was over $200 billion. The Allies also wanted to disarm Germany. This meant that they wanted to cut off Germany’s army and navy, so they wouldn’t be able to fight another war for a long time. Did the Treaty of Versailles lead to World War II? The Treaty of Versailles was the way of the Allies to punish Germany. To surrender, Germany accepted Wilson’s Fourteen Points but Germany didn’t get anything close to a peace plan. The treaty resulted in bitterness, betrayal, and hatred between Germany and the Allies. Italy was also not happy with the treaty because they did not get the territory they were promised for helping the Allies. Therefore, the Treaty of Versailles did â€Å"plant the seeds† of World War II because Germany and Italy wanted revenge. Priyanka Dongare Social Studies Mr. Ranalli 2 April 9, 2010 World War I was one of the bloodiest wars fought in history. The two sides were the Allies and the Central Powers. The Allied countries were Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and Italy. The Central Powers were Austria Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. There were many reasons the war started, such as militarism, entangling alliances between countries, imperialism, and nationalism. Militarism was the policy of building up a strong army and navy to prepare for war. Alliances were agreements between nations in which they promised to support one another in case of attack. Imperialism was the policy of powerful countries seeking to control weaker countries. Nationalism was extreme feelings of pride in one’s country. At the beginning of the war, the United States was a neutral country. However, the neutrality of the United States was tested and it entered the war. The entry of the United States into World War 1 marked the turning point of the war and changed the outcome. However the postwar goals of the Allies may have lead to the outbreak of World War II. For most of World War I, the United States was a neutral country. One reason for neutrality was President Washington. Washington warned to stay out of European affairs and entangling alliances. Another reason for the United States to stay neutral was the Atlantic Ocean, which acted as a natural barrier between the United States and Europe. The neutrality of the United States was soon tested. One reason why the United States entered World War I was Germany’s strategy during the war. Germany used submarines called u-boats and sunk any ship without warning near the Allies’ countries, which was the war zone. Therefore, Germany cut off supplies to Allies, while the United States was supplying the Allies. Germany also sank the Lusitania, which was a British passenger ship, in which 128 Americans died. The Zimmermann Telegram also enraged many Americans. The Zimmermann telegram was sent by Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister in Mexico. The secret note urged Mexico to attack the United States if the United States declared war on Germany. In return, Germany would help Mexico win back it’s lost territories from the United States, such as Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Therefore, the U. S. entered the war on the side of the Allies. How to cite World War 1 and Peace Plan, Essay examples

American Education System Versus Asian Education S Essay Example For Students

American Education System Versus Asian Education S Essay ystemAmerican Education System versus Asian Education SystemToday the American education system is no longer the best in the world. With declining test scores and poor academic achievement, people have questionedwhether our current educational system is working for us? On the other side ofthe Pacific, the situation is totally different. Students of Asian countriesachieve higher academic achievements, and they rank at the top on math andscience tests. If their educational system is better than the U.S system,should we adopt their educational system or not?America the land of opportunity, which is famous for its democraticsociety and unique culture. People in America like to be free, to do whateverthey want to do without any restrictions. This belief is reflected in theAmerican educational system. In American schools, teachers and students are atthe same social level. Students are encouraged to exchange their own opinionswith the teacher. From an early age, students in the American educationalsystem have been taught that they have the ability to achieve whatever they wantto be, but rarely have been told how they ca n achieve their goal. This isbecause in America there are so many ways to achieve ones dream. Because of this belief in natural born ability in the land ofopportunity, students receive very little pressure in school, so whatever theydo in school is totally based on their personal beliefs. If a student wants tobe successful he or she can study very hard and get in to a very good college. On the other hand if a student doesnt have any self control and just wants toget school over with, it is OK too, because nobody cares. The advantage of thiskind of educational system is that , it really developes students individualthinking skills, they are encouraged to try out different options to achievetheir goal. For example Bill Gates, who dropped out of college, started his owncompany, now he is one of the richest man in the world. That bad thing aboutthis system is that not that many students dont have the responsibility to getgood grades or become successful many believe that even if you dont have a goodeducation you can still get a good paying job. Thats why many students inschool are doing poorly on their school work. In Asian countries, the cultures and social standards are totallydifferent from the U.S. In those countries most of their values are based onConfucius which heavily stresses education and group values. Ones socialstatus is based on their education level. Starting from elementary school,students have been taught that if you want to be successful in life you musthave a good education, any other way is considers inappropriate. In the Asianschool systems, educators rank students by their scores. So, if your rank ishigh you are a good student and you will have a good chance to get into a goodschool. If your rank is low then you are a bad student it is a sign of your aregoing to be a looser. Nobody cares if you are talented or not. Under thesepressures, students compete hard with other students. They study five hours aday just trying to gain more points on a test so they can get into a higher rank. In school, teachers try to stuff more knowledge into students so their classcan be better than other class in the School. Schools set stricter rules sotheir students can be better than the students in other schools. .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .postImageUrl , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:hover , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:visited , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:active { border:0!important; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:active , .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138 .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5231e157dc05f52d86fcfccb6d4fd138:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Civil Rights Movement EssayThrough these efforts of setting high standards its no surprise thatAsian students rank at the top of academic achievement. The advantage of thiskind of system is that the school systems can provide the society year afteryear with high quality personnel with the same academic standard, although mostof those students are that creative, because they are not allowed to do muchfree thinking in school. Free thinking is considered a waste of time. In reality, a person must be very creative on a job otherwise he or shewill be replaced by someone in no time. Because the American educational systemallows and encourages free thinking in school, U.S is still the #1 in innovationand scientific research. If the U.S adopts the Asian educational system itsprobaly going to be in confilict with the constitution on the issue of freedomof speech. Because of this, I think the current educational system is wellsuited for America.

Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper Essay Example

Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper Essay Startup. com shows the perils of going into business with a shaky business plan. It shows the initial excitement, the rise and fame, the bumping of heads and the eventual downfall. Such is the story of govworks. com, the documentary, startup. com covers it’s first, and only, year in business. Long-time friends, Tom Herman and Kaleil Isaza Tuzman, had a great business idea, with a large market, and little competition. They took something that nearly everyone goes through, and marketed it in a more efficient way. They wanted to make the DMV more efficient, specifically; they wanted to allow consumers to quickly and securely pay their traffic tickets online. This business plan parallels Netflix in many ways, as it took something that we were already doing, renting movies, and making it easier. With the internet booming and more and more people having access to computers and internet, Govworks. com soon exploded. They went from a one-room office with a tiny staff to over 200 employees and a net worth in the millions. However, like many internet startups of that time, Govworks. com was not a success, and by 2001, the company had let go of almost all its employees, and it was eventually overtaken by another company. â€Å"GovWorkss failure is a textbook example of the perils of grandiosity†(footnote1) . Over and over again we have seen examples of companies that have gone too big too fast, and GovWorks was one of them. Rather than just focusing on one aspect or one city, they wanted to spread out in as many places as possible as fast as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A similar plan was used by Fresh Samantha, in that they wanted to spread in as many places as they could, as quickly as they could, which may have led to their eventual overtaking by Odwalla. Tuzman wanted to claim the first stake in the online government payment firm. He wanted to be the forerunner, the one who set the standard, and ultimately, the one that brought in all the money. What he failed to realize is that every great business takes time to develop, to tweak and to find its niche. Although I understand the reasoning behind wanting to be the first in an industry, the risks of going under far outweigh the rewards. A company that conversely was very successful in finding its niche is Geek Squad. When given the opportunity to expand they were hesitant, and took their time. They built their brand, then expanded, while GovWorks expanded before having a chance to see how the company would grow in the long-term. Another thing that led to their downfall was that Herman and Isaza Tuzman found themselves butting eads in the way the company was run. They displayed a lack of training about the fundamentals of making an Internet firm work; Hermans low-key personality clashed with Isaza Tuzmans business-first approach, and eventually Herman was forced out of the company he had helped to found by his longtime friend. While going into business with another person can be an asset, it’s always key to remember the boundaries of business and friendship. When two people don’t meet eye to eye on the basics of how they want their business to run, it’s a recipe for disaster. Going into business doesn’t just involve a good idea. It involves planning and knowing how to use the right people in the right resources. Bill Stewart explained how although he knows a lot about packaged foods, he doesn’t know everything, and he knows when to bring in other people who know what they are doing to help further his company. It also involves knowing what parts of your business to expand, and when. One huge factor that Herman and Tuzman missed was having a trial run of their project, to forecast how it would pan out in the future. Again, Geek Squad is a great example of knowing when to hold back and when to expand. Knowing all of these things now, it makes sense that their firm failed, however at the time, I can only imagine how they must have felt while their dream was spiraling downward. 1 Kuemmerle, Walter. Harvard Business Review. â€Å"A Test for the Faint Hearted† p. 6. May 2002. http://www. pencom. gov. ng/download/seminars/A_test_for_the_Fainthearted. pdf

Review Article Example

Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Circadian Clock Mutants in Arabidopsis Various aspects of plant development and metabolism are regulated by the circadian clock. Since clock mutations in some species mainly influence a number of rhythmic markers in parallel, it means that a lone oscillator can manage several outputs. In a bid to identify mutant seedlings with abnormal cycling patterns, the study used the rotating bioluminescence of  Arabidopsis plants  bearing a firefly  luciferase  combination construct with the initial peak of luminescence sequence varying from the wild types’ (Millar et.al, 1995).The period and frequency have isolated the genes that influence circadian rhythmicity. Allelic chains at each locus are; long- and short-period alleles, whereas the null alleles, are mostly arrhythmic. Despite the lack of the lack of palpable homology of phase or rate of recurrence series to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, identification of genes needed for oscillator purpose can still be done using genet ic screens for period mutants. They used a preset video imaging system to observe leaf movements and the transgenic parent line in tocl plants. The recovered Mutants with both long- and short time, partially dominant short-period mutation drawn, and timed of CAB expression (toc1), into  chromosome. According to Millar, the phase of entrainment, amplitude of cycling, and earlier luminescence levels were not extensively changed in the mutant. The tocl individuals grown in light or dark were similar to the parent transgenic. Separation of tocl from the transgene showed that the mutation was not dependent on the correspondent gene.The results concluded that the toc1 mutation condense the movements of primary leaves, the manifestation of  chlorophyll a/b-binding  protein (CAB) genes and the phase of two separate  circadian rhythms, although toc1 mutants do not express wide-ranging pleiotropy for other phenotypes.1. How does light affect tocl seedlings compared to wild type?2. Do es the tocl mutation express any variance in their phenotypes? Explain.Work citedMillar, AJ, AI Carre, CA Strayer, NH Chua, and SA Kay. "Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by... [Science. 1995] - PubMed - NCBI."National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Article Review This article basically entails an exploration into the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms. The basic exploration was to provide evidence of the regulation of core body temperature’s circadian rhythms to that of the normal cycle of sleep and wake. The researchers hypothesized that night-time melatonin secretion may be concerned in the regularization of the human BTc circadian rhythm. Since, Pineal melatonin discharge takes place contemporaneously during the nocturnal hours and is interceded by the commencement of beta-adrenoceptors cells during night. The research was conducted by performing experiments with a sample of 12 women, usually boarded to light and dark cycle for two days. It was concluded that the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms were inversely linked to that of melatonin. The established hypothermic attributes of melatonin are responsible for the propagation of at least forty percent of the circadian BTc rhythm’s a mplitude. Exploitation of melatonin levels may thus provide an opportunity for clinical resynchronization of the BTc rhythm under circumstances when BTc rhythms are desynchronized either due to jet-lag or night-shift work (Cagnaccit, Elliotti and Yen 447). The title was sufficiently descriptive as the article entailed causal study between the quoted variables. The study was intended to explore the relationship between the melatonin secretion and the circadian rhythms of the core body temperature. The subject was important as due to the rapid industrialization, humans are obliged to work in the night shifts to attain maximum number of outputs. While the night-time work may lead to the creation of dissociation within the human circadian rhythms and it may also alter or change the phase relationship existing between the endogenous rhythms and environmental time. So the study provides a relationship between the melatonin levels and the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms th at can be utilized in bringing harmony in cases of desynchronized BTc rhythms either due to night shift job or jet-lag.Questions1. Whether the sleep and melatonin secretion collectively related to the excessive hypothermic effect?2. Whether sleep deprivation leads to the reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms of the BTc? Cagnaccit, A., Elliotti, J. A. and Yen, S. S. C. Melatonin: A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75.2 [1992]: 447-452. Print. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Review of article "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus The article in review "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus describes the pacemaker role of suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mammalian circadian system thus the title correctly points out to the subject of the paper. The purpose of this experiment was to understand the biological clock found in most mammals. This clock is found in the SCN which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus part of the brain. The work is based on experiments done on hamsters whose T mutationprovided the chance to test the role of the SCN as pacemaker. There were several reasons to undergo this experiment such as various evidences that led to this view. For example what the SCN is the target of and what it is required for, the fact that tissue explants that consist of the SCN keep on expressing circadian rhythms in electrical activity (Sanger et al, 5463) This work is important because it is the this activity that regulate s the body processes such as body temperature, hormone system and their production as well as its effect on drug abuse and sexual orientation in humans. With this study the scientists used transplants of the SCN in animals whose own nucleus was absent. The results showed that the rhythms matched the period of the donor and not the genotype of the host. So it was proven that the circadian rhythm is determined by the SCN regardless of where the cells came from meaning that the clock does exist in mammals. REFERENCESRalph, Martin R., et al. "Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period."  Science  247.4945 (1990): 975-978.Sanger, Frederick, Steven Nicklen, and Alan R. Coulson. "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors."  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  74.12 (1977): 5463-5467.

What to Add to Christmas Tree Water

What to Add to Christmas Tree Water Youve done the difficult work of selecting a fresh Christmas tree and delivering it to your home. Now what? To keep your tree looking healthy through the holidays, youll need to make sure it gets plenty of water. As for treating that water, though, most experts say there is no reason to add anything- plain tap water will do. What the Experts Say While many additives are available for Christmas tree water, most experts- including the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA)- say there is no reason to use them. In the words of Dr. Gary Chastagner of Washington State University: Your best bet is just plain tap water added to the Christmas tree stand. It doesnt have to be distilled water or mineral water or anything like that. So the next time someone tells you to add ketchup or something more bizarre to your Christmas tree stand, dont believe it. Still, other scientists say there are additives that will increase both fire resistance and needle retention. One such additive- Plantabbs Prolong Tree Preservative- claims to increase water absorption and prevent drying. Another product- Miracle-Gro Christmas Tree Preserve- claims to deliver important nutrients and reduce bacterial growth. If youre worried about your tree being a fire risk, you may want to give one of these products a shot. Just remember that they are no substitute for adequate watering. Proper Watering The best way to keep your tree fresh is to make sure it gets plenty of moisture. This starts with using a tree stand with an adequate water capacity. The ideal stand is one that holds a quart of water for each inch of the stem diameter. That means that if your tree trunk has an eight-inch diameter, youll want a stand that holds at least two gallons of water. If the stand is too small, your tree will soak up the water more quickly than you can likely replenish it, leaving your tree dried out. Make sure, as well, to use a tree stand that is large enough to accommodate the trunk of your tree without having to trim down the sides. If your tree is more than a day old you may want to saw a one-inch cookie off the trees trunk bottom. Even a small sliver shaved off the trunk will help. This freshens the trunk and allows water to be quickly taken up to the needles for continued freshness. Make sure to cut in a straight line perpendicular to the trunk, as an uneven slice can make it more difficult for the tree to absorb water. Place your tree in a cool, dry place away from fireplaces, radiators, and other heat sources. Too much heat will cause the tree to quickly lose moisture and dry out. Check the level of the water each day to make sure it stays above the base of the trunk. Make sure to check the needles as well. If they seem dry and brittle, the tree has dried out and may be a fire hazard, in which case it should be taken outside and thrown away.

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example In these regards, gun control had no real impact on the murder rate in these nations. An even more startling fact is that despite gun control in many nations, the murder rate has often risen; this again demonstrates that there is no direct correlation between gun control and reduced murder rates. When considering the statistical correlation between gun control and increased or decreased crime rates, there are a number of startling facts that demonstrate gun control is an effective policy. One of the most prevalent such examples of these trends occurs when statistically comparing Canada and the United States. In both 1991 and 1995 Canada enacted increasingly stringent gun control laws, while the United States largely held onto a liberal policy regarding gun control. Rather than demonstrating a reduction in crime relative to the United States, this period witnessed an actual rise in the rate of theft and violent crime throughout Canada (‘Gun Control Fact-Sheet.’). Similar statistical trends have also been demonstrated in European countries. In 1997, the United Kingdom passed some of the most stringent anti-gun laws in the Western hemisphere. In the wake of these regulations, it was demonstrated that in large part violent crimes rates did not increase but rose by as much as forty percent (‘Gun Control Fact-Sheet.’). ... In fact, statistics demonstrate that over the last seventy-years the United States has experienced noticeably lower murder rates than the United Kingdom. While the lot of this statistical evidence is open for interpretation, a general qualitative analysis demonstrates that rather than decreasing crime, gun control laws allow criminals increased levels of freedom as they can now commit crimes unhindered by the threat of lethal self-defense. In these regards, firearms can substantially be seen to be prominent self-defense mechanisms. In developing increased gun control laws countries are in-effect reducing citizens abilities to effectively defend themselves. In addition to the statistical evidence that demonstrates a correlation between gun control and increased crime rates, general quantitative and statistical research has demonstrated that in large part gun control laws are misguided. One of the most prominent research elements related to gun control considers it in relation to self- defense. While this essay has earlier demonstrated that the use of guns for self-control can be inferred from rising crime rates in nations that implement stringent gun control laws, further research attests to the actual use of guns in these self-defense actions. In fact, guns have been implemented in self-defense over 2.5 million times annually (‘Myth #3: Gun Control Has Reduced The Crime Rates In Other Countries’ ). When one considers this from another perspective, it indicates that more than 6,000 times a day guns are used for self-defense. Within the United States itself quantitative research has examined the Brady Law in regards to crime rates. The Brady Law is

267 MKT. Principles of Marketing. 'Scents of Time.' Essay

267 MKT. Principles of Marketing. 'Scents of Time.' - Essay Example planning to develop and launch a range of 15 perfumes over the next few years, targeting the UK market, where according to DP, the level of knowledge about perfumes is at the same level as the knowledge of wine in the nineteen seventies. Through Scents of Time, DP seeks to help consumers learn more about the perfumes they are buying. DP’s fragrances will be fully described and linked into one of the twelve fragrance families developed by Michael Edwards as the growing industry standard (Case Resource). This paper conducts an analysis of the environment influencing the launch of Scents of Time, as well as an analysis of how the UK market is to be segmented, with recommendations on targeting and positioning strategies that may be utilized. It goes on to recommend a pricing strategy and the unit price for the fragrances in relation to factors influencing the market during 2009; as well as the recommended media to support the launch, including whether or not a celebrity endorser/s will be appropriate. The macro-environment consists of the broad patterns and trends in the country and the rest of the world, external to the business concern. These patterns and trends influence customers and how they would likely respond to a business’ offerings. They also influence the business options open to the company (Gallagher 2007). PEST analysis is an analysis of the macro-environment affecting the business. PEST stands for political, economic social, and technological factors present in the external environment (NetMBA 2007). Political – The primary political factor affecting the business of Scents of Time is government regulation regarding the use of chemicals which are a major component in perfumes. The RIFM and IFRA, the regulatory authorities for the perfume industry implement strict regulations for materials used in perfumes (RIFM 2009; IFRA 2009). DP is well aware of these regulations and has created Scents of Time using safe materials which comply with

Manchester Products Essay Example for Free

Manchester Products Essay Manchester Home expanded household furniture division by adding market leader PLFD – Addition of 990 million in PLFD revenues – Addition of established sales force, talented design teams – PLFD’s Signature Style line very popular with consumers †¢ Ability to combine PL design skills with MH engineering and manufacturing – Manufacturing expertise and ergonomic designs †¢ Concerns – How to tie-in PL’s bold designs with MH’s conservative style – Customer confusion over new brand name 5C’S OF THE ACQUISITION Company †¢ Companies’ strengths and weaknesses complement each other 5C’S OF THE ACQUISITION Customers †¢ Target consumers ages 34-55; Income over $50K – MH consumers are categorized as conservative elegance – PLFD consumers are more fashion-conscious, trend setters – Will need a way to reach both customer segments †¢ Results from target consumer surveys – Low brand loyalty – 60% would change brands – High information search – Style, design, quality, comfort most important qualities – all covered by MH/PL – PL has high brand awareness, almost double that of MH, will help to co-brand them to raise awareness for MH 5C’S OF THE ACQUISITION Collaborators †¢ Manchester already has network of office distribution channels, now they gain access to household distribution channels through Paul Logan. – PL sales force has strong ties to leading distributions channels – PL strength in upscale furniture stores, specialty stores, department stores †¢ Strong relationship with buyers – Concern over brand going away, necessary to create a smooth brand transition so consumers make the switch †¢ Push strategies important to build strong relationships with distribution network – 90% of PL shipments include Purchase Allowances 5C’S OF THE ACQUISITION Competitors †¢ Paul Logan was market leader †¢ Household Furniture Industry $36.64 billion in 2004; positive % growth projections A mature industry Large number of corporate consolidations Low-cost imports from Asia/Mexico moving into higher price levels Domestic companies ready to attack the vulnerability of the new brand and position †¢ We need strong advertising and marketing mix †¢ Many competitors have company owned stores – Crucial to leverage our distribution channels to gain market access 5C’S OF THE ACQUISITION Context †¢ Office furniture sales growth tied to employment growth and new business formation. – Burst of dot.com bubble and recession have decreased demand for office furniture †¢ Rise in ‘teleworking’ could increase demand for home office †¢ Demand for home furniture is tied to new home construction and home sales. †¢ Innovative and stylish products to bolster demand MOVING FORWARD ANALYSIS OF FUTURE BRANDING: OPTIONS †¢ Drop the Paul Logan name right away – Losing their current brand awareness – Need to educate customers – Strong distribution channel relationships could be damaged †¢ Keep using the Paul Logan name for the entire allotted three years – Ad agency advises against this option, as they don’t want to allocate advertising dollars to a brand with a three year shelf life †¢ Transition mid-point – Leverage the Paul Logan name to build strong brand awareness for Manchester – Continue to use the PL name in subtext for 1.5 yrs.; conduct consumer research to reevaluate after this time. – Business recommendation to convert the name 100% to Manchester Home after 1.5 yrs. ANALYSIS OF FUTURE BRANDING: OPTIONS †¢ Brand name transition: – First 6 months: Manchester Home: The New Home for Paul Logan Furniture – Following year: Manchester Home: The Home for Paul Logan Furniture – After 1.5 yrs.: Conduct consumer research to reevaluate transition †¢ Business recommendation is to drop the Paul Logan name †¢ Want to ensure the Manchester Home brand has achieved a sufficient awareness before removing PL OUR FUTURE ADVERTISING STRATEGIES †¢ Strong campaign is critical to the success of the new brand name – $184 million allotted for 2005 – Includes national and cooperative advertising for both PLFD and MH products †¢ Push vs. Pull – MH to allocate more $ towards Push advertising – Heavy Push Pull the first 1.5 yrs. – Marketing Communications mix to form long-term company image †¢ Promotional Programs – Purchase allowances – Recommend amending the planned 2005 marketing expenditures to allow for purchase allowances. †¢ Currently based on % of sales – Due to brand transition, allocate a fixed amount to advertising to ensure the levels do not drop RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ Continue to use the Paul Logan name to leverage brand awareness and channel partnerships †¢ Focus strongly on both Push and Pull strategies the first 1.5 yrs. to communicate the acquisition – Amend proposed 2005 advertising plan to incorporate more Push strategies, specifically Purchase Allowances that contributed to the success of the PL distribution network †¢ After 1.5 yrs., the business goal is to transition brand officially to Manchester Home QUESTIONS?

Recommendation For Recycling Water In Florida Essays -- Recycling Water

Recommendation For Recycling Water in Florida Contents Abstract................................................2 Executive Summary.......................................3 Introduction............................................4 Methods.................................................4 Results.................................................5 Basic background information on water reuse in Florid...5 Reclaiming Waste Water in Florida Uses for reclaimed or reused water......................7 Conclusions.............................................7 Recommendations.........................................7 References..............................................7 Abstract "Recommendation for Recycling Water in a Florida Pilot Plant" The water shortage problem has affected all of us in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our ever increasing water demand. This report presents the water shortage problem that is occurring in Florida. This report will familiarize you with the problem and explain the other uses currently being employed in Florida. This report also explains the procedure, as well as a recommendation including the site and costs involved, along with a short background on the proposed procedure. I recommend that the recycled project be funded and allow the pilot plant to meet the ever increasing demand for water in Florida. Executive Summary The water shortage problem effects us all in one way or another. Either through the mandatory restrictions or the increased price of water, or even the ever increasing occurrence of sinkholes, the evidence of a water shortage is everywhere. Since we need water to survive, and there are no alternatives to support life on this planet, we must find a way to keep up with our expanding water demand. I feel that the only viable option is to recycle the water we are using. By recycling the water, we will be able to drop ... ...und choice therefore is to reuse the water readily available to us. We have the technology accessible to use to make this a viable option and I feel we should pursue this option. This would almost completely alleviate any water shortage we have, since all the water we use would be recycled back into drinking water, thus relieving the demand to pump more and more water from an already over used aquifer. Recommendation I recommend that the funds be made available for the pilot plant to be put into effect, and allow us to take the next step in water reuse in Florida. The new plant will drastically reduce the amount of water now being pumped from the ground, thus reduce the sinkholes and alleviate the water shortage problem. I feel the small investment is more than worthwhile and will be recouped in a year's time. I would like to start this project and bring this new technology to light and begin a new generation of water treatment. References Young, Harley and David York (1996, November). "Reclaimed Water Reuse in Florida and the South Gulf Coast." Florida Water Resource Journal, pp. 32-35.

Survival Strategies For Starting Up Business

Introduction:The strength of the house depends on its foundation similarly for the survival of business in market its foundation plays a crucial role. A start-up can be defined as a newly created company looking for markets and investors. It’s very difficult to with stand in present economic conditions. Success of the new start up business depends up on Planning, its financial capacity and human resource.Planning:A strategic plan serves as a road map to lead an organization. Every company should have strategic plan which determines its future projections. A plan should include:Vision and mission statements.Goal setting.Resources required for reaching goals.Description of business- outline of business, how can they reach their goals, and location of business. Business opportunities- competitive advantages of taking such business. Risks that the business need to face.Business environment- relating to competition and other threats. Determining benchmarks. What are the various pos sibilities for achieving or failing to achieve goals. It is vital to understand whether there are obstacles for your business in its striving for success Financial:To carry on plans effectively it need finance.It should have adequate capital.There should be a complete understanding of expanding cash flows.Human resource:The entrepreneur has the major responsibility of advocating and leading the business from front and helping the staff to deal with difficult situations. The success of business depends up on correct implementation of skills, learning, knowledge, and information on a practical level.The correct utilization and management of knowledge has been cited as a key way of supporting business with the ever changing environments they work within. The role of the human resource department is to assist in creation,  storage and maintenance of knowledge within a firm in a synergetic manner to support the business.

How to differentiate literary texts Essay

Carter argues that there are six particular features which can help differentiate literary texts from others and that a literary texts will exhibit most or all of them. These features are medium independence, genre-mixing, semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81-85) If I look at the first feature identified by Carter, medium independence which means that a literary text does not rely on another medium or media to be read ,(Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.81 ) and apply it to my texts, I can see that the extract from The Lord of The Rings is indeed medium independent. The extract does not need photos and the text â€Å"stands up on its own†, it needs no additional information. By contrast, the advertisement from the online catalogue is media dependant. The text at the beginning and the end describes a ring which is obviously for sale so a photo seems to be quite necessary as I do not think many people would buy a piece of jewellery without seeing it no matter how appealing the description is. The text itself seems to beg for an accompanying photo so I think it can safely be said that it is medium dependant. The second feature identified by Carter is genre-mixing which is the idea that any style of writing not necessarily associated with a literary context can be used to create a literary effect. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) If I am to look at the Lord of The Rings extract, there is some genre-mixing although not very much, the extract is obviously part of a novel but the last two lines read like poetry. Of course poetic features are usually associated with a literary context by their very nature so what those last two poetic lines do for the rest of the text is to â€Å"elevate† it, that is, convey the feeling that the extract has literary pretences at the very least or is simply literary in some ways. In the second text, genre-mixing is more obviously present, the first paragraph is concise as it describes a ring which is for sale but the rest of the text which introduces Jade Jagger as the designer of the ring is mainly written in journalistic style. The las t two lines go back to â€Å"advertisement† written style. Semantic density, the third feature identified by Carter is deemed by him to be very important. He believes that semantic density is a clear sign of the literariness of a text. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.82) The Lord of The Rings extract has semantic density. One cannot escape the sound patterning and many alliterations which are present in a lot of the text. The text is actually peppered with it. For example, â€Å"†¦the wizard stood looking at the fire ; then he stooped and removed the ring†¦.† or: â€Å"†¦..he now saw fine lines, finer than the finest pen-strokes, running along the ring, outside and inside:lines of fire that seemed to form the letters of a flowing script.† The actual sound patterning along with the syntactic arrangement shows clear semantic density. The use of the adjective fine along with two of its adverbs finer and finest coupled with the sound patterning serves to show how â€Å"fine† the script on the ring actually is. Similarly, the alliteration in â€Å"running† and â€Å"ring† plus the sound patterning as well as the two opposites adjectives â€Å"outside and inside† that immediately follow before going back to the â€Å"lines† which are now made of â€Å"fire† that â€Å"form† the letters of a â€Å"flowing† script (alliteration plus sound patterning again) give the reader a vivid picture of the actual ring. There is also contrast in the text. One example is â€Å"silent† and â€Å"clack†, another is â€Å"bright† and â€Å"remote†, it is as if those contrasts reflect the contrast between the two worlds, one which is Mordor, faint but unmistakeably dangerous and the normal peaceful world of the Shire. I must point out the seemingly random word association of the â€Å"clack† of â€Å"Sam’s shears†. The â€Å"clack† which is surely onomatopoeic because the sound â€Å"which makes up the word mimics the sound which the word refers to† (Short,1996, p.115) and the wonderful alliteration of Sam’s shears which once again produces a incredibly vivid picture, accompanied by sound no less! There is also some semantic density in the second text about the Jade Jagger ring. The first sentence has sound patterning as well as the syntactic arrangement: â€Å"†¦..sterling silver ring†¦.stylised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..design decorated†¦..a scattering of sparkling†¦. zirconias. Sound patterning and syntax aside, the alliteration â€Å"s†starting almost every word having to do  with the ring offers a mental picture of that ring, a very shiny one at that. The last sentence of the first paragraph also has the repeat alliteration in â€Å"edgy, contemporary, jewellery† which once again gives information about the ring but also about its potential buyer. Semantic density is also shown in this text by the reference to the â€Å" halcyon† days and the sentence stating that Jade Jagger â€Å"has since carved a feted reputation as an artist†.This is an abnormal paradigm as carving has to do with a concrete material such as stone or wood and it is not possible to physically carve a reputation. It is of course a metaphor (Mick Short,1996, p.7). The fourth criteria in Carter’s theory is polysemy which is the possibility for a text to be read in different ways. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) For example, in the Lord of The Rings extract, the room â€Å"becomes dark and silent†. It could of course be because Gandalf has closed the shutters and drawn the curtains, but it could also be due to the fact that the ring is in the fire and â€Å"waking up† revealing its true â€Å"dark† nature therefore affecting the atmosphere of the room. The reader is also told of Gandalf’s â€Å"bristling brows†, it could mean that Gandalf has stiff and coarse eyebrows which I indeed imagine him to have but it could also infer that Gandalf is showing irritation at Frodo’s trying to get the ring out of the fire, hence the â€Å"Wait!† before the â€Å"bristling brows†. The word â€Å"fiery† is also good because we have been told that the letters are â€Å"lines of fire† so they are obviously fiery but â€Å"fiery† could also allude to the dark language of â€Å"Mordor† or the quick and dangerous temper of Sauron’s spirit which is of course in the ring itself. My last example is that when Frodo receives the ring, â€Å"it seemed to have become thicker and heavier†. It can actually be that the fire, by revealing what the ring is, has also physically altered it and made it thicker and heavier but it may just seem thicker and heavier in Frodo’s hand because it is a dark ring, a ring of power and evil which the fire has just awakened. In the second text on the other hand, I cannot see any obvious example of polysemy apart from the â€Å"halcyon days† which can be read as the â€Å"carefree days† or the â€Å"mythical days† as it can refer to the mythical bird. Both meanings are plausible as the pop art scene in New York was famously â€Å"carefree and happy† and it has since acquired a â€Å"mythical† type of reputation. There is also the metaphor â€Å"carved a feted reputation† but I cannot see it other evidence of polysemy. The fifth feature of Carter’s is displaced interaction which means that the text is there for the reader to â€Å"read† and interpret as it wishes. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.84) The Lord of The Rings text is a perfect example of displaced interaction as there is nothing for the reader to do but read and provide meaning to the text. The Jade Jagger ring online advert however is not an example of displaced interaction as the aim of the text is to persuade the reader to buy a piece of jewellery. The last feature identified by Carter is text patterning which is similar to the idea of parallelism in which some features remain the same while others change. The variant features are usually words while the remaining features are structural. (Carter, 1997, cited in Thornborrow, 2006, p.85) (Short,1996 p.14) The most obvious example of parallelism in the Lord of The Rings extract is the last two lines. While the structure stays the same with the same subject, The Ring, the verbs are different. What this does is attract attention to the verbs themselves which is presumably what Tolkien wanted as the verbs tell us what the ring actually does. It â€Å"rules, finds, brings and binds† Although different verbs with slightly different meanings, it gives a general idea of power. There is another example of parallelism in this text : â€Å" The letters are Elvish, of an ancient mode but the language is that of Mordor, which I will not utter here† Again, the structure stays mo re or less the same but the Lexis is different so as to focus the reader’s attention on the difference between the â€Å"letters† and the â€Å"language† and â€Å"Elvish† and â€Å"Mordor†. Tolkien wants to highlight these differences are they are crucial to the understanding of the story. In those two lines we also have an example of deviation, when something in the texts deviates from the perceived rules of English which makes it particularly memorable. Deviation is a part of foregrounding, the produce of â€Å"deviation from linguistic and non-linguistic norms† (Short,1996, p.12) The deviation in the last two lines is the invention of the word â€Å"Mordor† which Tolkien made up for the particulars of his story. This is called a neologism (Short, 1996, p.45) Finally, I must mention that the last two lines of the Lord of The Rings are an internal deviation, that is, they are two rhyming lines structured like lines of a poem but this is a departure from the rest of the text which has been written in prose. (Short,1996, p.59) Of course this internal deviation makes those two last lines even more memorable. Although there is some text patterning in the second text, particularly around the word â€Å"Jade†, I do not feel it can be compared to the other Lord of The Ring text as it doesn’t seem to actually reinforce an important message. So, if we follow Carter’s criteria when it comes to identifying a literary text, the Lord of The Rings extract seems to be more literary than the Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement. The Lord of The Rings extract is not medium dependant, it has some genre-mixing, it has semantic density, polysemy, displaced interaction and text patterning. The Jade Jagger’s online ring advertisement is medium dependant,it is not really polysemic, it is not an example of displaced interaction, I don’t feel it has important text patterning but it does have some semantic density. On Carter’s cline of literariness, The Lord of The Rings is indeed a literary text as it possesses all of the features which usually identify literariness. Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement does not seem to be a literary text according to Carter’s cline. Are the two texts creative? I am tempted to answer that if a text is considered literary then it must be creative which would make the Lord of The Rings extract creative as well as literary. I refer to Papen and Tusting who state that â€Å"creativity refers to making something which is new, which did not exist before the creative act† (Papen and Tusting,2006, p.315) Taking this into account, both texts analysed in this paper are indeed creative. â€Å"Cognitive poetics† which combines â€Å"linguistic analysis with insights from cognitive science in order to explain the relationship between  the language of texts and reader’s responses to texts† (Semino, 2006, p.37) is interesting as it implies that creativity is always present in literary and non-literary texts but that literary texts â€Å"are characterised by particular novel and creative uses of the linguistic and cognitive resources used in everyday communication.† (Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1 , cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Following from this is the assumption that, yet again, both the texts analysed in this paper are creative, none more so than the other but that the Lord of The Rings text analysed here would be considered more literary than the Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement as it showcases especially new and creative uses of language and â€Å"cognitive resources used in everyday communication.†(Seen and Gavins, 2003, p1, cited in Elena Semino,2006, p.37) Eagleton with his sociocultural approach would imply that The Lord of The Rings text was definitely literary since the sociocultural approach states that literature is made so by society, whether the text had pretence to literariness or not.( Eagleton, 1983, p.11, cited in Maybin and Pearce, 2006, p.12) Since The Lord of The Rings has been widely accepted by society in the last 40 years as being a literary work, then it must be, according to the sociocultural approach. As a conclusion, I feel that there is an agreement across different school of thoughts that creativity is present in most texts so I would say that both the texts I analysed in this paper are creative in different ways. According to Carter’s inherency approach, the Lord of The Rings text is more literary than Jade Jagger’s ring advertisement and although I realise that Carter’s method of analysis is not without its weaknesses, I must say that I feel that The Lord of The Rings extract is indeed more literary than the advertisement because of the degree of inventiveness involved in the language (I could have added so much more to the analysis of the text) and imagination. I think that the extract (and the book it comes from) combines the two most important things when it comes to literature: beautiful language and a fantastic imagination. References: Maybin,J., Pearce,M., 2006, Literature and creativity in English, â€Å"The Art of English:Literary Creativity†, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Eagleton,T. (1993), Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell,pp.9-11) Carter, R, (1997), Investigating English Discourse:Language, Literacy and Literature, London, Routledge Thornborrow J., 2006, chapter 2: †Poetic Language†, The Art of English:Literary Creativity,, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Short,M.,1996, Exploring The Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose, Addison Wesley Longman Limited Papen, U&Tusting, K, 2006, Chapter 7:Literacies, Collaboration and Context,The Art of English:Everyday Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University. Semino, S., 2006, Reading C:Cognitive Poetics, The Art of English: Literary Creativity, Palgrave McMillan, The Open University Seen,G. And Gavins, J. (2003), Contextualising cognitive poetics, in J.Gavins and G.Steen (eds), Cognitive Poetics in Practice, London, Routledge

Family Conflicts Essays - Films, Radio Flyer, Bobby, Tom Hanks

Family Conflicts Essays - Films, Radio Flyer, Bobby, Tom Hanks Family Conflicts The movie Radio Flyer, starring Tom Hanks and Elija Wood, is a wonderful example of a film which illustrates family conflict. Radio Flyer is the story of a father, played by Tom Hanks, telling a story about his childhood to his to young sons. The childhood of the father was an extremely unpleasant one which involved much physical and mental abuse from his new stepfather he and his brother called ?the king?. The stepfather was a drunkard who liked to administer pain to the youngest boy, Bobby, whenever he was intoxicated. The children do not want their mother to know what her husband had been doing to Bobby, so the eldest son, played by Elija Wood, helps Bobby hide his wounds. The mother in this picture is waitress who works all throughout the day. The stresses of a nine to five job make her very edgy and she is very vulnerable to lashing out at her kids. When she does this she hurts the kids mentally. The conflict in this movie is resolved in an unconventional manner. Bobby and his brother create a small airplane, using a lawn mower engine and some wood, for Bobby to fly away in. The last few scenes of the movie show ?the king?, drunk as usual, chasing Bobby and his brother. Bobby decides that this is his time to get away from it all and he flys away. The police then arrive with the mother and arrest the stepfather. Bobby is now gone but he keeps in contact with his family by postcard. This effectively resolved the conflict but Bobby was now gone. To me this symbolizes his death. Two children could not have made an airplane, and even if they could there would be no way that a eight year old boy could fly the thing.

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs

10 Things Hiring Managers Wish You Knew When Applying For Jobs There is a lot of advice about how to interview out there. But the people we should really be asking for advice about the interview process are the people who conduct those interviews- the hiring managers. Here are the 10 things hiring managers wish you knew. Make their jobs easy, and you just might get the job.1. Be early, but not too earlyWhatever you do, do not be late. That said, if you show up 30-45 minutes early, you could really distract or annoy the hiring manager, who might have better things to do and not want to interview you on the fly. If you end up at the office with this much time to spare, grab a coffee or do some last minute prep on your own before going in. Aim to be 10-15 minutes early. Most hiring managers agree that is the sweet spot.2. Don’t apply unqualifiedIf you don’t meet 85% or more of what the job description says they’re looking for, don’t bother interviewing. The hiring manager will just feel like you are wasting his time. Mak e sure you meet the minimum requirements (and that you go a few steps beyond as well) before going in for an interview. You don’t have to be perfect or overqualified, just not obviously underqualified.3. Do your homeworkToo many applicants head into the interview room without doing research into the company, their potential manager, or their role in the industry at large. Don’t fall victim to this laziness.Do your homework! Look up specifics! Familiarize yourself with the company’s workings, their numbers, and their day-to-day operations. This will impress the interviewer and give you plenty of topics about which to converse. Don’t go in the room until you feel comfortable reciting in one sentence what the company does and why. Internalize the narrative and tailor your answers to emphasize how well you understand what they are looking for.4. Treat it like a first dateInterviews can be a bit like speed dating, and that’s okay. It’s your chanc e to see whether the company would be a good fit for you, and their chance to see whether you’d be a good fit for their culture. Chances are, if you got the interview, you’re already a technical fit given your qualifications and experience. You’re in the room to get to know each other. Treat it like a date; don’t talk too much about yourself. Ask questions. Listen. Be respectful, but also make sure to show off your best traits.5. Bring questionsPart of doing your homework is coming armed with questions. You will be asked. Make sure you don’t get caught without a good one. Think of what you’re curious about that you weren’t able to find online or on the company’s website. When in doubt, ask about some of the specifics for the position you’d be filling, or potential growth opportunities within the company.6. Lead with your software skillsBefore you even show up for the interview, you need to convince the hiring manager tha t you have the skills necessary to be qualified in the first place. If you don’t already have a list of all the software programs in which you are proficient, put that in immediately. If they see that you’re a rockstar with the one program they use most, you’re almost guaranteed to get an interview.7. Don’t lieIf you lie, either on your resume or during the interview, you will almost certainly get caught. Resumes and references are checked. Fluffing yourself up a little is a human tendency; a little spin on your accomplishments in one position might be justified. Just don’t bend the actual truth. And be prepared to prove yourself.8. Say thank youThere is no excuse for not sending an immediate, handwritten thank you note. Or at very least, a thank you email.9.  Be patientNothing is likely to get you bumped out of the running more than constantly badgering the hiring manager about when the decision will be made. Ask for a timeframe for decision-mak ing when you’re in the room, then don’t make a peep until a day or two beyond that. A short, respectful follow-up email will do. And if you don’t hear back? You didn’t get the job.10. Know that hiring managers are people tooPut yourself in your hiring manager’s shoes for a second. They see dozens of people. It’s your job to make their job easier, and to make yourself memorable. It’s also your job to ask the questions you need answered; don’t just assume this information will be handed to you.Imagine meeting with a person who has been looking at three hundred similar resumes for the same position. Try to dazzle them. They’ll thank you for it, even if you don’t get this particular job. And it’s a great skill to learn for next time.

UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables Essay

UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables - Essay Example It, most likely, is the uniform law convention with the greatest influence on the law of worldwide trans-border commerce, and in some countries lawyers and courts are today as familiar with the Convention as they are with their domestic law - it is the lingua franca of sales. Part of the success is or might be due to the simple requirements of application of the Convention, encoded in articles 1 to 6, which have become a model followed in other international conventions or draft conventions. They are simple in their basic structure, although not without some tricky details which require explanation. These application requirements will be the topic of this short introduction to the Convention.1 Article 1(1) (a) UN law for receivables requires only that the parties have their places of business in different contracting states that is states which have enacted the Convention. With 65 contracting states, now many sales contracts of U.K traders with foreign parties (for example in Australia, Asia, the United States or Europe) are governed by the Convention. Neither the nationality of the parties nor their qualification as merchants influences the application of the Convention, although consumer purchases are almost always excluded from the Convention. The parties' places of business in different states are, in other words, decisive, so that a U.K firm, having its relevant place of business in Australia, when concluding a contract with a firm in Wellington, might find its contract governed by the UN law for receivables. Also, the contract must be a "sale of goods", which normally does not pose problems, but there are borderline cases, with which I shall deal later, and an important extension to mixed contracts under article 3(2) of the UN law for receivables. Parties in Different States The predecessors of the UN law for receivables, the so-called Hague Sales Laws of 1964 - which were ratified by only nine states - used as the main requirement for application only that the parties were residing in different states, thus making it possible that parties from different states, which had not enacted the Uniform Sales Law, might have found their contract governed by this uniform law alien to both of them and to their countries. Therefore, this imperialistic claim of the old uniform sales laws was rejected in the preparation of the UN sales law, but not entirely.2 Article 1(1)(b) states that the UN law for receivables [page 782] is applicable, if the parties are situated in different states - which need not be contracting states, if the conflict of law rules of the forum lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. Thus, if there is a contract between a Japanese and an English trader subject - on account of a clause in the contract - to

American Literature 17th-19th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Literature 17th-19th Century - Essay Example Tom Paine’s in his literary work the â€Å"Rights of Man† described King George as a â€Å"royal brute.† In the first part of the book, Paine attacks the whole essence of monarchy. Unlike his colleague Burke, Paine insists that each society has the privilege to establish a solid foundation of their own government without the consistent oppression of a monarch. Paine attacks King George III from all angles as he considers King George to be an â€Å"unfit leader† in many aspects. First and foremost is the fact that he used the colonist’s tax money to fund his poor decisions as a King but also to pay for his son’s misfortunes. Paine elaborately describes this dilemma as he states, â€Å"The burden of the national debt consists not in its being so many millions, or so many hundred millions, but in the quantity of taxes collected every year to pay the interest. If this quantity continue the same, the burden of the national debt is the same to all intents and purposes, be the capital more or less† (Paine, 20). Clearly, he is irate at the fact that the colonists have to atone for the burden for the King’s self-pursuit interests. According to his perspective, the King wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse† (Paine, 24). Paine’s point of emphasis continues to be the fact that government is for the living and not for the dead. Heredity power should be acquired through the choice of the people and is not heredity. Paine was one of the most prominent philosophers that dominated the philosophy scene in his era. One cannot ignore the fact that Paine was writing during an era where warfare plagued society. Clearly, Paine wanted to establish the fact the notion of commonwealth in this statement. In commonwealth, the notion a covenant is established. A covenant in

Physician Responsibilities and A Breach of Contract Research Paper

Physician Responsibilities and A Breach of Contract - Research Paper Example The physician should also offer the patient with resources to help find another physician. Pozgar (2011) argues the physician should, with the written consent of the patient, transfer patient records to the new physician. The administrator of the hospital should give details on the legal boundaries of the physician-patient relationship. The patient should, for instance, be made aware that the contract between them and the physician is a fiduciary one, not financial. Similarly, the administrator should ensure that the physician explains the difference between patient abandonment and legal contract termination to the patient. In most cases, strict liability applies to product manufacturers whose products cause harm to patients but not to hospitals and physicians who use these products on patients. However, in some cases a physician may be liable to legal action if they use drugs, radiations, medical devices, and conduct blood transfusions using faulty products (Miller, 2008). 3a. Why it is easier for a patient to prove breach of contract as opposed to negligence, when a physician covering for the patient’s regular physician gives the patient medication that causes severe reaction In case a patient suffers damage at the hands of a physician who is covering for the patient’s regular physician, it is hard to press for negligence charges since it cannot be proven that the physician failed to provide the necessary care due to recklessness or heedlessness. According to Miller (2008) a patient who suffers damage because of malpractice on the part of the covering physician can file a case for breach of contract. This is particularly the case when the regular physician fails to give enough reason for failing to attend to the patient. The contract between a patient and a physician may be breached if the physician promises to use a specific procedure but

Stance Against Animal Testing

Stance Against Animal Testing Each year, more than 100 million animals are killed in U.S. laboratories (Experiments on animals: Overview). One hundred million per year is an overwhelming amount considering how little progress is made from animal testing. There is no justifiable reason for making living beings suffer when the biological makeup of animals and humans is so different and there is a plethora of alternatives. Defenseless animals are put in an overwhelming amount of pain being tested on for mankinds own selfish benefit which is unethical and immoral. They are subjected to the torture of constantly being poked and prodded with needles, forced to ingest/inhale, their skin being burned off, holes drilled into their skull, being isolated and confined to a cage, along with many other traumatic experiences until their death, in addition to having to deal with the after effects of the procedures being inflicted upon them all for experiments that do not ensure the results will be similar to those ofÂÂ   humans. 78,294 animals subjected to severe pain near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized conscious animalsÂÂ   according to the statistics of Canada in 2013. This is an astonishing amount of animals forced to go through agonizing pain for the sake of human research in just one year. Reports conclude that even the minimal standards set forth by the AWA are not bein g met by these facilities This shows that these animals are not even being provided the least bit of comfort or care during these experiments. These animals are being tortured and treated inhumanely for the testing of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical research when the information being collected is not completely accurate and there areÂÂ   many other alternatives (Experiments on Animals: Overview Peta). Since animals and humans are so different, testing on animals does not correctly show how a drug or chemical will react on a human. Animals and humans organs, nervous systems, cellular makeup, and physical bodies are not similar enough to be considering an animals reaction to something anywhere near the same as a humans might be. Even if a new chemical entity is deemed safe at animal stage, it only has an 8 percent chance of being approved for human usage (Ericson) A mere eight percent is not worth taking an animals life over. Currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies (Experiments on Animals: Overview). This is only one out of ten experimental drugs being successful based on animal studies. Millions of animals are being made to suffer and die for barely any progress. There are plenty of new advances in science and technology that provide ways of testing that do not include bringing any harm to animals and give more accurate information. One of these alternatives is called the chemosynthetic liver.ÂÂ   A veteran chemist, Mukund Chorghade, came up with the idea to start with liver cells and created a chemical compound that is the chemosynthetic liver. The chemosynthetic liver has the ability to run a drug through it and tell the exact results of how it would work going through a living human being, making it easier and faster to catch anything wrong. In one sample trial, the chemosynthetic liver caught a particularly nasty metabolite that would have set the developer back millions of dollars and countless hours of research. It did so by providing a level of specificity that would otherwise have required about 1,000 rats and 100 dogs This confirms the staggering difference between using the chemosynthetic liver versus testing on an animal. The method saves not only time and money, but animal lives as well. Though still in its early phase, the method has already proven viable in 50 similar sample studies. This verifies that the chemosynthetic liver has proven to be a reliable way of testing so far, and is worth further developing. In addition to the chemosynthetic liver another way of testing that is becoming more common is computer modeling. Many researchers now have access to advanced computer software capable of mimicking and replicating many of the functions of the human body. These programs allow researchers to study the effects of any changes to the human body without testing these changes on animals By using computer models that can predict human body reactions more precise data is being gathered while sparing animal lives. There is also stem cells, which are cells that can develop into any human tissue or structure. By using stem cells, researchers can create specialized organ tissues to study diseases and other abnormalities without involving any living beings (Alternatives to Animal Testing) Stem cells have the advantage of actually being made into human tissue which is significantly more accurate than testing on an animal while not causing any harm. This just further proves that there is no need to test on animals with the advanced technology we have today. Since animal testing proves to only have an 8 percent chance of being deemed safe for human usage (Ericson), causes animals excruciating pain and there are alternatives such as the chemosynthetic liver, computer modeling, and stem cells available, animal testing is not needed in this day and age. In conclusion, animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. Works Cited Alternatives to Animal Testing. Research in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CYODOBR772899801it=rasid=eee040ce3e96ced50100e71b505e0887. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Animal Experimentation. Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2016. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CLPQUWH681386081it=rasid=6208c5056307c4d43ea2338d2acc392c. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Animal Testing. Gale Student Resources in Context, Gale, 2015. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CVWTFPN342363283it=rasid=3563c04c5e6bec653161845916a9d290. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017. Ericson, John. Breakthroughs Might Mean the End of Animal Testing. Newsweek, 28 Mar. 2014, p. 1. Research in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSICsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA362262525it=rasid=382274e7e9beddd55d2ce864c779052e. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Experiments on Animals: Overview. PETA, PETA, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/.

Summary Of Beyond Formula: American Film Genres :: essays research papers fc

Summary Of Beyond Formula: American Film Genres The passage taken from the book, â€Å"Beyond Formula: American Film Genres† by Stanley Solomon, focuses specifically on Western films. Solomon suggests that, â€Å"the Western is primarily a genre of location,† (56) which not only suggests the plot of the movie but the characters portrayed in the film as well. If the location is based in a harsh or rugged environment, the viewers automatically assume that the characters in the film will be just as rugged or even unlawful. If location of the film takes place in a small country town the viewer knows that this usually means that that the town is under-populated and industrially inept. The viewer also knows that some sort of trial will present itself to the towns people, typically a group of out-laws, and the citizens of the town will have to muster up what courage they have and stand up to their rivals. In this case the towns people usually are unable to overcome their opponents causing them to rally around a strong spiri ted leader to lead them to victory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The location, according to Solomon, of Western films gives a direct view of moral values that both the hero of the story and the villain understand. If these values are broken both the hero and villain knows the consequence of their cowardly deed. Location also adds to the film by giving the characters another source of danger than the villains, causing them to be aware the their surroundings in order to survive. Solomon states that, â€Å"the location further determines the moral perspective by inviting sudden violence and the accompanying necessity of perpetual violence† (57).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the hero or villain arrives in the film, the location makes the viewer aware of the characters past, arousing a curiosity about the character and where he came from. â€Å"The arrival of the hero or villain in the Western setting,† Solomon states, â€Å"immediately prompts discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (58). According to Solomon, when the hero or villain shows up in the movie it is to be assumed that he has experienced life, and at the peak of his career, he has reached a critical point where he is now faced with a crisis that must be rectified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Location, characterization and the characters history are the key elements to the Western film genre. According to Stanly Solomon, location is either a simple town, (or settlement) or the wilderness, and both types of locations involve countless attempts to overcome hardships.

Nature Imagery in Othello

Nature imagery in Othello There are quite a few imageries about nature in the book written by William Shakespeare named Othello, were the two male leads named Iago and Othello are the ones who use them the most, Iago talks about how people are gardens also how easy it is to manipulate other peoples garden and he also uses poisonous plants to explain how much harm he has done, while Othello talks about how flowers represent his wife and how they die once they are plucked just like his lover for her.Iago in one of his most famous speeches in the book while having a conversation with Roderigo â€Å"Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners: so that if we will plant nettles, or sow lettuce [†¦] either to have it sterile with idleness, or manured with industry, why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. † He uses imagery to explain that people and he are gardens, the things we do and think are what we plant in it, it also takes ti me to take care of it you need to have patience and plant everything, people can manipulate it and it’s up to us to take care of it.He also says this during another conversation with Roderigo â€Å"Though other things grow fair against the sun, / Yet fruits that blossom first will first be ripe† which goes back to referring to his garden, that even after he plants multiple things the first thing he plants will always come first, which refers to Othello and the revenge Iago wants from him after taking the spot he has been working on since he started and he just came in and snatched it from him. The last imagery used by Iago says â€Å"The Moor already changes with my poison. Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons, / . . . / . . . Not poppy nor mandragora / Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world / Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep† He is saying that he has corrupted Othello so much that not even poppy or mandragora/mandrake, mandrake was used t o cleanse the body, could heal him from all the corruption he has put in Othello. â€Å"O thou weed,/ Who art so lovely fair and smell’st so sweet/ That the sense aches at thee, would thou hadst ne'er been born! Othello compares Desdemona with a weed since he has been deceived by Iago making him think that Desdemona cheated on him with Cassio and since he thinks this way about Desdemona now he decided to compare her to a weed that is so beautiful when in reality it’s the opposite and know that Othello knows the â€Å"real† Desdemona she will now wish she was never born since Othello is going to get revenge from all the â€Å"wrongs† she did to him.On the last scene where Othello kills Desdemona he comes to her chamber and sees her sleeping, he tells her â€Å"When I have plucked thy rose/ I cannot give it vital growth again,/ It must needs wither† What Othello means is that after he kills her there is no going back, he uses a rose that once that r ose is plucked it starts to slowly die and there is no way for the rose to stop from dying which is what is happening here.This can also signify the love that he has lost for Desdemona since she cheated on him with Cassio, when Othello plucked Desdemona’s love from his heart and it can never grow back again, since he doesn’t want for her to do this again he decides to kill her just like a flower will die from being plucked.The night that Desdemona was going to be murdered by Othello she sang the willow song â€Å"The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree, Sing all a green willow: Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee, Sing willow, willow, willow: The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur'd her moans; Sing willow, willow, willow; Her salt tears fell from her, and soften'd the stones; Lay by these:– Sing willow, willow, willow; Prithee, hie thee; he'll come anon:– Sing all a green willow must be my garland. Let nobody blame him; his scorn approve,- Nay, that's not next. -Hark! who is't that knocks? † Willow trees are often associated with mourning and grief, which is why they are often called weeping willow, which fits perfectly to what Desdemona is feeling. Desdemona singing this song reflects how she is feeling about Othello, even though she is being accused for something that isn’t true she doesn’t say that he is wrong, even when she knows that he is, she goes along with what he says because she loves him so much, even though it hurts her to be thought like that by the love of her life.When I first read the book Othello, I didn’t pay attention to the references about nature that William Shakespeare used in this particular text, after reading it and getting this assignment I decided to go back and re-read it on my own. After reading the book I noticed that the main characters used plants to explain what they were feeling or going through, for someone to be able to understand and catch on to all of this one needed to be very oriented in nature.

Is Australia an Inclusive Society Essay

Reports from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2003a, 2003b, as cited in Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7) show 25% of the Australian population is currently made up of migrants from around 200 countries. This fact demonstrates Australia, on the whole, has a tolerant and inclusive society. A society can be identified as a collection of people who live together in a relatively ordered community (Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7). It could be said, Australia has one of the most inclusive societies on the planet; however, this was not always the case. Net overseas migration has doubled from 146,800 in 2005-6 to 298,900 in 2008-9 (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2011). Migrants born overseas account for a quarter of the total population with 50% having direct links with relatives born overseas. Nearly 2. 5 million Australians speak a language other than English at home (ABS, 2003a, as cited in Ashman & Elkins, 2009, p. 7). These facts show how much multiculturalism is now an intrinsic part of Australian society. Some traditional migrant countries, such as the UK, still remain dominant in the proportion of people arriving onto Australian shores; however, more recently, a larger percentage of migrants from Asian countries have started to show in census statistics (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade [DFAT], 2008). Today migrants can be found in all levels of society and the workforce. Employers are bound by the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 not to exclude any persons on the basis of nationality, race, colour, descent or ethnic origin; however, this was not always the case. The White Australia Policy (forming the basis of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901) from 1901 to 1973 was introduced primarily to prevent Pacific Islanders from being employed as cheap labour in the vast sugar plantations in the Northern part of the country (DFAT, 2008) . The policy was gradually abolished after the Second World War, but the emphasis on European immigration remained until 1966, when the government allowed the migration of ‘distinguished’ non-Europeans. The last vestiges of the policy were discarded in 1973. From 1901 to the early 1970s, policies towards newcomers were based on assimilation. The preference for British migrants remained, and all others were expected to shed their existing cultural identities, including their native languages, to promote their rapid absorption into the host population. (DFAT, 2008, p. 2) A lively debate would ensue to decide if Australia could be seen as inclusive during this period of history. Even with the acceptance of Whites there were still racial undertones in the nicknames of migrants from certain countries. Wogs from Italy, Dagos from Spain, Poms from England (origin has not been verified, but several theories remain), to name but a few. In conclusion with such a large migrant population from so many different countries, Australia has succeeded in becoming an inclusive society. Migrants will continue to arrive onto this big brown land and play a major part in shaping the country in centuries to come. Stereotypes. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995, p. 1635) defines stereotype as an â€Å"a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing. † This is a thought that is conceived without actual basis or factual content. Stereotypes can come in many forms. Commonly it is a belief that may have been subliminally imparted by peers, parents or the media. Stereotyping can cross all groups, genders, races, religions or even animals. It is possible social interaction or experience can lead to stereotyping especially if a negative experience is involved. People may all be guilty in some form of stereotyping, although not in a derogatory sense. Some common examples are, left handed people are creative, Asians are hard workers, blondes have more fun, fat people are jolly. A negative consequence of stereotyping is what Sanderson (2010, p. 349) calls stereotype threat. Minority group members experience an apprehension that they may behave in a manner that confirms existing cultural stereotypes. Gender stereotypes are one of the most common encountered on a daily basis. The infamous ‘Glass Ceiling’ still exists in many areas of the professional world, restricting valid promotions simply based on gender. This type of concept can be verified by looking at comparative weekly wages of other professionals in a variety of industries. Most people will generally see female dominated occupations, such as nurse, teacher and secretary as requiring feminine personality traits and physical attributes for success; whereas male dominated occupations such as doctor, lawyer, and business executive are seen to require male personality traits for success (Sanderson, 2010, p. 344). Racism The Cambridge Dictionaries Online (2011) defines racism as â€Å"the belief that people’s qualities are influenced by their race and that the members of other races are not as good as the members of your own, or the resulting unfair treatment of members of other races. In recent history massive wars, resulting in countless lives lost, have been waged simply over not belonging to the ‘right’ or ‘our’ race. Most people would agree the concept of disliking someone simply because they look different and belong to another race, is pure ignorance. To say that because a person has dark skin that they will respond or behave in a certain manner is again ignorant. For most people it is hard to believe that less than twenty years ago Apartheid was still a reality in South Africa. The word ‘apartheid’ is derived from the Afrikaans language and is directly translated as ‘separateness’ (P.  Mason-Jones, pers. comm. , 1998). Its basis was racial segregation for Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Indians. The Coloureds in South Africa are from mixed race families, predominately White males procreating with Black females. The Indians were mainly from colonial Indian descent sent to South Africa as slaves. The concept of black South Africans not allowed on the same public bus as Whites is hard to grasp. A greater issue for the Black people during apartheid was the fact they were not allowed to vote and decide on their own future in a land they had lived in for centuries beforehand. Modern racism can be described as someone’s negative feelings towards an out-group member, which is not based specifically on their group membership (e. g. , race, gender) but rather generalisations of their moral values (Sanderson, 2010, p. 337). This creates the conception that all Black people do not work hard enough and expect handouts and so are discriminated against for that instead of having dark skin. Prejudice The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1982, p. 809) defines Prejudice as a â€Å"pre-conceived opinion, bias (against, or in favour of, person or thing). The word itself can be split into two components, pre- before and jud- judging. Forming an opinion of someone before there is a chance to talk to them or even meet them for the first time is ignorant. Prejudice can come in many forms; however, it is usually associated with negative or hostile feelings about a person or persons simply based on their belonging to a group. Some popular social examples are, people who wear hats while driving are bad drivers, and, older men who have long beards and ride Harley Davidson motorbikes are dangerous. Similarly, pre-judging all the clean, well dressed and impeccably groomed students to be the most well behaved members of the group would not be substantiated. In the same vein, pre-judging the scruffy un-kempt student to be the most troublesome member of the group could be a terrible mistake for the teacher. Consider this scenario: Stephen Hawking is observed crossing the road at a busy intersection while an individual is travelling in the opposite direction. The individual will have no idea who he is or heard his name mentioned in any context. Some people may consider sympathy with his plight, some may ignore him completely, some may even offer assistance. Yet how many would come to the conclusion he is one of the greatest minds on the planet? People may be guilty of pre-judging his condition, abilities or even intellect. Educational responses to diversity Under Section 22 of the Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992, an educational authority is not allowed to discriminate against a person on the grounds of the person’s disability (DD Act, 1992). Education Queensland developed a statement in response to this section of the Act, called â€Å"The Inclusive Education Statement – 2005. † This statement is now part of 11 pieces of legislation and policies (Education Queensland, 2011). These policies and legislative pieces comprise of Commonwealth and State Acts. The Commonwealth Acts include, Age Discrimination Act 2004, Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Disability Standards for Education 2005, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act 1986, Privacy Act 1988, Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1984. State legislation includes the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991, Child Protection Act 1999, Disability Services Act 2006 and the Education (General Provisions) Act 2006. (Education Queensland, 2011). Education in Australia is a basic human right; however, the learning journey needs to be fair, productive and include everyone regardless of race, gender, cultural background or disability. Inclusive education is a process of responding to the uniqueness of individuals, increasing their sense of participation and achievement in a learning society (Hyde, 2010, p. 11). Education Queensland (2011) requires their staff to identify processes and procedures in the Inclusive Education Statement – 2005, to achieve learning outcomes and develop skills to work and live productively and respectfully with others from a range of backgrounds, abilities and cultures. This ideology will help to produce accepting, tolerant, co-operative and productive citizens. In the classroom teachers need to address the huge variety of differences in their students. They should be adaptable and flexible to address criteria in curriculum while still following policies and procedures that stem from individual schools up to state level. Curriculum, pedagogy and assessment are aligned and meet the needs of diverse student groups (EQIS, 2005). A teacher, or any member of an educational facility, can be prosecuted if they harass a student, or future student, who has a disability, about the disability (Disability Discrimination Act 1992 s. 37). A successful teacher is required to have a positive relationship with all of their students, while still following policy and procedure so that they can â€Å"build bridges from the knowledge and skills that students bring from their homes and communities to the knowledge and skills they need for success in schooling† (EQIS, 2005, p. ). Schools are required to provide professional learning opportunities to enhance understanding of the recognition of difference and the factors that contribute to educational disadvantage, especially an appreciation of factors such as: poverty; gender; disability; cultural and linguistic diversity; and sexuality (EQIS, 2005). Such professional development opportunities will allow teachers with many years experience to fully understand the changing environment they now live in. People with a disability have the same human rights as other members of society (Disability Discrimination Act 1992, Part 2, Division 19, s. ). Teachers must adapt their classroom planning in response to this statement. Simple methods of inclusion on a physical level will include table and chair arrangement, or repositioning of the teacher’s desk to provide easy access if required; however, it is the school’s responsibility to allow wheelchair access to classrooms. Teachers who believe that they are the most important factor in improving student outcomes are more likely to deliver a connected curriculum, with high intellectual quality and high levels of student engagement (EQIS, 2005). While such policies and statement may seem difficult to implement, the outcome of a successful student who is well versed and ready to stand up in society and enter the workforce should be the driving factor teachers strive for. Personal responses to diversity A teacher’s positive attitude towards their students can have a profound effect on their learning ability. Consideration must be taken into account if the student(s) come from a low socio economic background or disruptive domestic environments. The school community may well be the only positive aspect of their lives. Students who have this sort of background often require more support and nurturing. A teacher’s positive attitude towards this student may well release their inhibitions and personal defences. Once the teacher has broken down these barriers the student is more likely to participate, be co-operative and be more productive in the classroom. A negative attitude directed at the same student is more likely to sustain the barrier he or she has towards adults, or authority figures in general, and remain disruptive and uncooperative. An example of this negative attitude is provided by Munro. 2008, p. 99). Ted Brown saw himself as a good literacy teacher. Many of his students made great progress and achieved high-level outcomes. Each year, however, there was a small group of students in the class who did not progress as he expected. Ted noted, â€Å"These students do not get involved or stay focused. They just did not seem to be interested. I guess there will always be low achievers. Not everyone can learn to read†. His observations were accurate. In his classes, these children did not get involved or stay focused, were not interested and remained low achievers. A replacement teacher, Sally Green, taught Ted’s class for a term. She talked with the underachieving readers and noticed that they had rich imagery knowledge of the topics they discussed but often needed time to put their images into words. She helped them practice doing this. Before they began to read a narrative, she had them do this. Sally also had them talk in sentences about the pictures in the narratives and recall vocabulary. The students began to achieve as readers using their existing knowledge to read and to anticipate the ideas in a text. They learnt to paraphrase and visualise as they read, and to review each paragraph. Ted came back to school from long-service leave and noticed that the small group of students had improved in their reading. Because he did not understand the conditions under which they had improved, he was unable to scaffold their learning. Soon some of the students plateaued in their reading and Ted was sure that this was, again, because of their lack of interest. It can be seen from the above text that Ted simply could not be bothered with the small group of â€Å"low achievers†. He did not provide any inclusive activities; therefore, he was not able to obtain the most out of this group. Sally should have discussed this issue with the Head of Department or Principal during her contracted time. Bringing this issue to their attention may have directed the HOD/Principal to discuss with Ted some alternative teaching options, or offer some personal development in this area. Once the issue had been raised, discussed and acted upon it is reasonable to assume that the students and subsequent â€Å"low achievers† would have gained more out of Ted’s classes and develop their learning journey accordingly. According to Conway (2010, p. 29), beginning teachers will need to make an extra effort because his research found that the majority felt ill-prepared to teach students with ESL, disabilities or from dysfunctional backgrounds. This particular course is highlighting the need for future teachers to recognise, appreciate and implement positive strategies for a variety of students with diverse backgrounds, cultures and abilities.